MGEs
oh no, I had hoped the genes from this was not used:
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Mobile Genetic Elements Resident in Hookworm Genomes
Substantial proportions of the genome of most eukaryotes, including those of metazoan parasites, are comprised of repetitive sequences. Mobile genetic elements (MGEs) constitute much of the repetitive component, particularly the interspersed sequences. This volume of nine chapters addresses MGEs that have colonized the genomes of medically important metazoan parasites and their vectors. These MGEs are parasites of parasites. These mobile elements are compared and contrasted with those from better-studied model organisms. The authors have included plentiful, relevant, and informative illustrations and references.
Several chapters focus on mobile elements of the human schistosomes. Gerardo Ferbeyre focuses on the putative ribozyme activities on the SM alpha elements, SINE-like elements, including trans reactions catalyzed by these retroposons. Ricardo DeMarco and Sergio Verjovski-Almeida review the cut-and-paste transposons of schistosomes, including the Merlin and the SmTRC1 elements, and application of schistosome DNA transposons to transgenesis and mutagenesis. Claudia Copeland, Thewarach Laha and I review the retrovirus-like retrotransposons and non-long terminal repeat transposable elements of the schistosomes, including the Boudicca, fugitive and SR2 elements. Young-An Bae and Yoon Kong provide descriptions of retrotransposons from the human liver and lung flukes, Clonorchis sinensis and Paragonimus westermani, respectively, including the CsRn1 long terminal repeat retrotransposon. Continuing the investigations of MGEs of parasitic worms, Thewarach Laha, Alex Loukas and I summarize current knowledge of MGEs from hookworms, including details of the bandit and Transib transposons and dingo retrotransposons.
www.landesbioscience.com/books/iu/id/785/=========================
bandit and Transib transposons and dingo retrotransposons.
The bandit, a New DNA Transposon from a Hookworm—Possible Horizontal Genetic Transfer between Host and Parasite
"Conclusions/Significance
A mariner-like transposon termed bandit has colonized the genome of the hookworm A. caninum. Although MLEs exhibit a broad host range, and are identified in other nematodes, the closest phylogenetic relative of bandit is the Hsmar1 element of humans. This surprising finding suggests that bandit was transferred horizontally between hookworm parasites and their mammalian hosts."
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"Author Summary Top
Because of its importance to public health, the hookworm parasite has become the focus of increased research over the past decade—research that will ultimately decipher its genetic code. We now report a gene from hookworm chromosomes known as a transposon. Transposons are genes that can move around in the genome and even between genomes of different species. We named the hookworm transposon bandit because hookworms are “thieves” that steal the blood of their hosts, leading to protein deficiency anemia. The bandit transposon is a close relative of a well studied assemblage of transposons, the mariner-like elements, known from the chromosomes of many other organisms. The founding member of this group—the mariner transposon—was isolated originally from a fruit fly; mariner has been harnessed in the laboratory as a valuable gene therapy tool. Likewise, it may be feasible to employ the bandit transposon for genetic manipulation of hookworms and functional genomics to investigate the importance of hookworm genes as new intervention targets. Finally, bandit may have transferred horizontally from primates to hookworm or vice versa in the relatively recent evolutionary history of the hookworm–human host–parasite relationship.".........
www.plosntds.org/article/info:doi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pntd.0000035===============================
"relative of bandit is the Hsmar1 element of humans"
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Hsmar1:
The Ancient mariner Sails Again: Transposition of the Human Hsmar1 Element by a Reconstructed Transposase and Activities of the SETMAR Protein on Transposon Ends{triangledown} ,{dagger}
Csaba Miskey,1 Balázs Papp,2 Lajos Mátés,1 Ludivine Sinzelle,1 Heiko Keller,1 Zsuzsanna Izsvák,1,3 and Zoltán Ivics1*
Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, 13092 Berlin, Germany,1 Faculty of Life Sciences, The University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, United Kingdom,2 Institute of Biochemistry, Biological Research Center of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, 6726 Szeged, Hungary3
Received 30 October 2006/ Returned for modification 15 November 2006/ Accepted 26 March 2007
Hsmar1, one of the two subfamilies of mariner transposons in humans, is an ancient element that entered the primate genome lineage ~50 million years ago. Although Hsmar1 elements are inactive due to mutational damage, one particular copy of the transposase gene has apparently been under selection. This transposase coding region is part of the SETMAR gene, in which a histone methylatransferase SET domain is fused to an Hsmar1 transposase domain. A phylogenetic approach was taken to reconstruct the ancestral Hsmar1 transposase gene, which we named Hsmar1-Ra. The Hsmar1-Ra transposase efficiently mobilizes Hsmar1 transposons by a cut-and-paste mechanism in human cells and zebra fish embryos. Hsmar1-Ra can also mobilize short inverted-repeat transposable elements (MITEs) related to Hsmar1 (MiHsmar1), thereby establishing a functional relationship between an Hsmar1 transposase source and these MITEs.
tinyurl.com/ybbtlhomcb.asm.org/cgi/content/abstract/27/12/4589?maxtoshow=&HITS=10&hits=10&RESULTFORMAT=&fulltext
=embryo&searchid=1&FIRSTINDEX=2790&resourcetype=HWFIG
MITEs: shorth inverted repeat transposable elements:
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Stolen our lives have they!
am focusing on the motile mobile genetic element, free dna, floating dna
aerosol operation particles and mobile dna, computer dna. dust dna?
seems folding and unfolding is going on which would indicate prions and this
is used in Yeast artificial chromosome or YAC
BAC is bacterial artificial chromosome
MAC is mammal artificial chromosome
HAC is human artificial chromosome
and so on.......
will see how these relate to the artificial chromosomes.
HAC:
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Human artificial chromosome
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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A human artificial chromosome (HAC) is a microchromosome that can act as a new chromosome in a population of human cells. That is, instead of 46 chromosomes, the cell could have 47 with the 47th being very small, roughly 6-10 megabases in size, and able to carry new genes introduced by human researchers. Yeast artificial chromosomes and bacterial artificial chromosomes were created before human artificial chromosomes, which first appeared in 1997. They are useful in expression studies as gene transfer vectors and are a tool for elucidating human chromosome function. Grown in HT1080 cells, they are mitotically and cytogenetically stable for up to six months.
[edit] History
John J. Harrington, Gil Van Bokkelen, Robert W. Mays, Karen Gustashaw & Huntington F. Willard of Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine published the first report of human artificial chromosomes in 1997. They were first synthesized by combining portions of alpha satellite DNA with telomeric DNA and genomic DNA into linear microchromosomes.
[edit] See also
* bacterial artificial chromosome
* yeast artificial chromosome
* plasmid
* cosmid
[edit] References
* Formation of de novo centromeres and construction of first-generation human artificial microchromosomes in Nature Genetics 15, 345 - 355 (1997) Harrington and Bokkelen et al.
[hide]
v • d • e
Types of nucleic acids
Constituents
Nucleobases · Nucleosides · Nucleotides · Deoxynucleotides
Ribonucleic acids
(coding and non-coding)
translation: mRNA (pre-mRNA/hnRNA) · tRNA · rRNA · tmRNA
regulatory: miRNA · siRNA · piRNA · aRNA
RNA processing: snRNA · snoRNA
other/ungrouped: gRNA · shRNA · stRNA · ta-siRNA
Deoxyribonucleic acids
cDNA · cpDNA · gDNA · msDNA · mtDNA
Nucleic acid analogues
GNA · LNA · PNA · TNA · morpholino
Cloning vectors
phagemid · plasmid · lambda phage · cosmid · P1 phage · fosmid · BAC · YAC · HAC
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_artificial_chromosome========================
note the vectors
phagemid.......
those particles banann
A phagemid or phasmid is a type of cloning vector developed as a hybrid of the filamentous phage M13 and plasmids to produce a vector that can grow as a plasmid, and also be packaged as single stranded DNA in viral particles.
phage M13:
M13 bacteriophage
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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M13 is a filamentous bacteriophage composed of circular single stranded DNA (ssDNA) which is 6407 nucleotides long encapsulated in approximately 2700 copies of the major coat protein P8, and capped with 5 copies of two different minor coat proteins (P9, P6, P3) on the ends. The minor coat protein P3 attaches to the receptor at the tip of the F pilus of the host Escherichia coli. Infection with filamentous phages is not lethal, however the infection causes turbid plaques in E. coli. It is a non-lytic virus. However a decrease in the rate of cell growth is seen in the infected cells. M13 plasmids are used for many recombinant DNA processes, and the virus has also been studied for its uses in nanostructures and nanotechnology.
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M13_bacteriophagethe other banann mention is amber particle this is from the MU bacteriphage
www.expasy.org/viralzone/all_by_species/507.htmljust pick up conclusions here in these reports.
next will go back to MGE then to the amber mu and what was used.
skytroll