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Post by kammy on Mar 20, 2010 17:57:38 GMT -5
"Finding a Cure for Chytrid" www.sciencelearn.org.nz/Contexts/Saving-Reptiles-and-Amphibians/NZ-Research/Investigating-frog-disease"The frog research team at the University of Otago discovered that a common antibiotic (chloramphenicol) used for humans was able to kill samples of chytrid fungus in the lab. They decided to test this antibiotic on some Archey’s frogs that were infected with the disease. They found that they were able to cure the diseased frogs and keep them alive in the lab – an important breakthrough for this critically endangered species."
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Post by kammy on Mar 20, 2010 18:09:44 GMT -5
Chloramphenicol en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chloramphenicol"Chloramphenicol (INN) is a bacteriostatic antimicrobial. It is considered a prototypical broad-spectrum antibiotic, alongside the tetracyclines. Chloramphenicol is effective against a wide variety of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, including most anaerobic organisms. Due to resistance and safety concerns, it is no longer a first-line agent for any indication in developed nations, although it is sometimes used topically for eye infections; nevertheless, the global problem of advancing bacterial resistance to newer drugs has led to renewed interest in its use.[1] In low-income countries, chloramphenicol is still widely used because it is exceedingly inexpensive and readily available. Pharmacokinetics Chloramphenicol is extremely lipid soluble, it remains relatively unbound to protein and is a small molecule: it has a large apparent volume of distribution of 100 litres and penetrates effectively into all tissues of the body, including the brain. Chloramphenicol increases the absorption of iron.Mechanism of action Chloramphenicol is bacteriostatic (that is, it stops bacterial growth). It is a protein synthesis inhibitor, inhibiting peptidyl transferase activity of the bacterial ribosome, binding to A2451 and A2452 residues in the 23S rRNA of the 50S ribosomal subunit, preventing peptide bond formation. While chloramphenicol and the macrolide class of antibiotics both interact with ribosomes, chloramphenicol is not a macrolide. Chloramphenicol directly interferes with substrate binding, macrolides sterically block the progression of the growing peptide." www.answers.com/topic/chytridiomycosisTreatment options "It was reported in the June 8, 2009 issue of New Scientist that Reid Harris of James Madison University has found that coating frogs with Janthinobacterium lividum appears to protect them from chytridiomycosis.[10] Archey's frog Leiopelma archeyi, a critically endangered species endemic to New Zealand, was successfully cured of chytridiomycosis by applying chloramphenicol topically.[11]"
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vasue
Junior Member
Posts: 63
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Post by vasue on Mar 20, 2010 18:56:50 GMT -5
Did you know that frogs don't "drink" water, but rather absorb it through their skin?
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Post by kammy on Mar 20, 2010 19:18:24 GMT -5
Did you know that frogs don't "drink" water, but rather absorb it through their skin? No, I didn't Vasue... it's sad to think the animals are suffering so... and the poor frogs with this skin fungus...
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Post by kammy on Mar 20, 2010 21:45:14 GMT -5
www.nih.gov/catalyst/2005/05.11.01/page1a.html"Nidia Oliveira, a visiting research fellow at the NIMH Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Regulation, traced the meanderings and permutations of a retrovirus that jumped from feral mice in southern Asia to Old World primates to a New World pet primate in San Francisco — and more recently has been identified in koalas in Australia, where it has gained its greatest lethality. About 60 percent of koala bear mortality is attributable to neoplasia. Infected koala bears have a neoplastic disease rate that correlates with viral load. The KoRV retrovirus, Oliveira said, has been isolated in 100 percent of Queensland koalas — "it's in their genomes," she said, noting that the rate is about 30 percent elsewhere in southeastern mainland Australia. Asian rodents are the reservoir for the GALV-like virus that emerged to infect gibbon apes in Thailand and became WMV in woolly monkeys and KoRV in marsupials. Sequence comparisons establish the lineage, Oliveira said, noting that GALV, WMV, and KoRV use the same receptor — PIT1 — in gaining entry, but that KoRV also uses orthologs that GALV and WMV are unable to use. The KoRV envelope, she said, has an extremely broad host range, and the challenge now is to discern what part of the envelope accounts for that range and for the virus' species-jumping ability."
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Post by skytroll on Mar 21, 2010 0:41:57 GMT -5
Here is a good article and it seems these folks are delighted in proving evolution works by and it certainly does, when one is putting the retroviruses into the environment by way of bacteriphages. ============= Retroviral invasion of the koala genomeRachael E. Tarlinton1, Joanne Meers2 & Paul R. Young1 Endogenous retroviruses are a common ancestral feature of mammalian genomes with most having been inactivated over time through mutation and deletion1. A group of more intact endogenous retroviruses are considered to have entered the genomes of some species more recently, through infection by exogenous viruses2, but this event has never been directly proved. We have previously reported koala retrovirus (KoRV) to be a functional virus that is associated with neoplasia3. Here we show that KoRV also shows features of a recently inserted endogenous retrovirus that is vertically transmitted. The finding that some isolated koala populations have not yet incorporated KoRV into their genomes, combined with its high level of activity and variability in individual koalas, suggests that KoRV is a virus in transition between an exogenous and endogenous element. This ongoing dynamic interaction with a wild species provides an exciting opportunity to study the process and consequences of retroviral endogenization in action, and is an attractive model for studying the evolutionary event in which a retrovirus invades a mammalian genome." www.nature.com/nature/journal/v442/n7098/full/nature04841.htmlI believe it is called directed/forced evolution.
It is called Molecular Virologywww.horizonpress.com/retrovirusskytroll
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Post by skytroll on Mar 21, 2010 1:07:10 GMT -5
I believe there are retroviruses used in bacteriophages: ====================== Retroviruses: exogenous and endogenous The main beneficial role of viruses known to date is the ecological role of horizontal gene transfer (DNA transduction) by bacteriophages.1,2 These viruses enable bacteria to share advantageous traits such as antibiotic resistance. The only family of viruses that are known to transduce genes among eukaryotic organisms (such as vertebrates) is that of the retroviruses. Retroviruses are viruses that have RNA as their genome but make DNA copies of it in the infected cell. They are similar to some bacteriophages (temperate phages) in that both insert their genetic material (DNA provirus) into host cell chromosome(s). This integration of viral and cellular DNA increases the chances of transduction of cellular genes adjacent to a provirus. Some retroviruses are known to transduce tumor genes (oncogenes) into the new host, which, while promoting the proliferation of the infected cell, often bring disaster to the organism.While temperate phages only insert a single copy of the provirus into the host chromosome, retroviruses are allowed to insert multiple copies of proviruses into different sites of the same host genome. Integration of proviruses into the host’s germline cells (cells that give rise to eggs or sperm) will result in inherited retroviruses.3 On the other hand, the genomes of all vertebrates and humans harbor multiple copies of endogenous retroviruses (ERVs), DNA sequences that have genes and gene organizations homologous to those of retroviruses. Indeed, ERVs constitute about 8% of the human genome, a proportion much larger than the sum of all single-copy genes.4 While some ERVs are expressed and some even assembled into intracellular viral particles, most of them are deficient and are rarely transmitted horizontally. In view of this, retroviruses that are normally absent in healthy hosts are called exogenous retroviruses. Are ERVs degenerated germline copies of exogenous viruses which infected the host’s ancestors in history? Evidences supporting the endogenization theory for the origin of ERVs include the following. (1) Modern exogenous viruses can infect the germline and be inherited like the host’s own genes.3 (2) Some endogenous viruses are replication-competent and infectious. When isolated murine leukemia viruses (MuLV, an endogenous mouse retrovirus) were inoculated into a new host, their proviruses were able to colonize the recipient genome.5 (3) Polymorphism (variation) of the chromosomal positions of an ERV among individuals of the same species suggests independent endogenization events. For instance, proviruses of the Koala retrovirus (KoRV) are found in different loci in different animals.6 (4) Allelic frequency polymorphism (variation in the frequency of finding a DNA sequence among populations) indicates recent endogenization. KoRV is present in koala in northern Australia, but absent in some animals in southern Australia.6 Similarly, HERV-K113, a provirus located on human chromosome 19p13.11, is rare among Caucasians and more prevalent among Africans, Asians, and Polynesians.7 (5) Negative correlation between degrees of positional polymorphism and sequence polymorphism conforms to the endogenization-degeneration hypothesis. ERVs with fixed chromosomal positions (less positional polymorphism) often demonstrate more sequence polymorphism with deleterious mutations and differences between the 5’ and 3’ long terminal repeats (LTRs), consistently pointing to the hypothesis that the virus infected an early ancestor and degenerated during its long history,8 while proviruses with varied locations such as KoRV are often intact and infectious, indicating recent or ongoing endogenization. www.answersingenesis.org/articles/am/v1/n2/were-retroviruses-created-good Why were retroviruses created anyway?
a list of retroviruses:en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Retroviruses: * RetrovirusA * Abelson murine leukemia virus * Alpharetrovirus * Avian sarcoma leukosis virus B * Betaretrovirus * Bovine leukemia virus D * Deltaretrovirus E * Endogenous retrovirus * Epsilonretrovirus * Equine infectious anemia F * Feline immunodeficiency virus * Feline leukemia virus F cont. * Friend virus G * Gammaretrovirus H * Hervotype * HIV * Human foamy virus * Human T-lymphotropic virus * Human T-lymphotropic virus 1 * Human T-lymphotropic virus 2 * Human teratocarcinoma-derived virus I * Intrinsic immunity J * Jaagsiekte sheep retrovirus K * Koala retrovirus L * Lentivirus M * Mouse mammary tumor virus * Murine leukemia virus R * Rous sarcoma virus S * Simian foamy virus * Simian immunodeficiency virus * Spumavirus * Super AIDS V * Visna virus X * Xenotropic murine leukemia virus-related virus The Koala one is there! skytroll
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Post by kammy on Mar 21, 2010 8:28:55 GMT -5
Yes, Sky - I see...
Even if I am totally off-base here with us having a Chlamydia species that closely resembles the Koala and Frog, AND seeing that we have a Chytrid fungal species that closely resembles the "Frog Fungus" - which I believe - I am NOT so far off base and time and testing will eventually tell us the truth!...
Regardless, as intelligent humans we need to pay attention to what disease has and is happening to our animal friends and see how this relates to us? Some questions we need to look into:
1. When did the koala first become known to have this chlamydia? How does this relate to the time frame of known Morgellons disease?
2. Did the Australian koala and frog both show up with the same species of chlamydia? How do the koala and frog interact in nature or what do they have in common?
3. The match in my photo ("Mr. Brown Eye) supposedly shows the C. pneumonia aspect, yet the koala's Chlamydia disease is being spread sexually?
4. What year did the Koala retrovirus (KoRV) show up?
5. Notice the symptoms of the frog fungus and the Chlamydia to our symptoms.
6. Australia? How does the Australian Morg Map appear - how do the demographics of the koala's/frog disease compare to the reported Morgellons cases there?
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Post by skytroll on Mar 21, 2010 9:57:02 GMT -5
Kammy, If you remember Carnicom's findings, it is clamydia like, meaning it si something that acts, looks is homologenous, homeobox gene, is similar to chlamydia pneumon. But, it is not that strain alone. It has capacity to form tubules. A new form of chlamydia like organisms found in humans: A new chlamydia-like 16S rDNA sequence from a clinical sampleChlamydiae constitute an important group of obligate intracellular parasites, causing a variety of diseases in mammals and birds. Among them Chlamydophila pneumoniae has been recognized as a common respiratory pathogen in man and it has been associated to atherosclerosis.Recently, new chlamydia-like organisms have been described, most being responsible for human respiratory infections. In Israel, Simkania negevensis is frequent in infants with bronchiolitis (11) and in adults with community-acquired pneumonia (5, 13). Parachlamydia acanthamoebae, identi®ed as an endosymbiont of an Acanthamoeba sp. isolated from a healthy human nasal mucosa(1), might be a cause of atypical pneumonia (2). These organisms form new families within the Chlamydiales (4), and they are not recognizable by conventional diagnostic procedures for classic chlamydiae, i.e. Cph. pneumoniae, Chlamydophila psittaci complex or Chlamydia trachomatis. T herefore their prevalence and diversity in clinical samples is certainly underestimated. For example, using PCR, Ossewaarde&Meijer (14) detected several DNA sequences related to either Simkania or Parachlamydia in respiratory samples, peripheral blood monocytes and in a vessel-wall specimen.Starting with a human respiratory sample (from broncho-alveolar washings) sent to the laboratory for the diagnosis of viral or chlamydial infection, we detected a new 16S ribosomal DNA sequence belonging to the parachlamydiae. We have named this corvenA4 (GenBank accession no. AF308693). .................. "T he diversity within the family Parachlamydiaceae is increasing. At present, two species and two genera have been validly described: P. acanthamoebae (1) and N. hartmannellae (10). Four other endosymbionts of Acanthamoeba sp. have been identi- ®ed, probably forming three new species or genera on the basis of 16S rDNA sequence similarities (9). UWC22 was from an Acanthamoeba sp. isolated from a case of amoebic keratitis, while TUME1, UWE1 and UWE25 were from environmental isolates of Acanthamoeba sp. (6, 9). It is interesting to note that the UWC22 and TUME1 strains are closely related to Neochlamydia, that infects Hartmannella and Dictyostelium but does not grow in Acanthamoeba (10).The possibility of infection of humans by new chlamydia-like organisms deserves additional investigation. The Simkania-related and Parachlamydia-related DNA sequences detected in an abdominal aortic aneurysm and in the peripheral blood monocytes, respectively, by Ossewaarde & Meijer (14) indicate that a variety of such organisms may be present also in human body sites other than mucosae. The passage from a putative amoebal host to mammalian cells may be possible, P. acanthamoebae being cultivated in Vero cells (1). More extensive studies are necessary to evaluate their potential pathogenic role, and might allow demonstration of the reality of such infections, explaining the aetiology of numerous respiratory infections in which no conventional pathogens are found. In vitro studies (7) showed that amoebae infected by parachlamydiae exhibit an increased cytopathic effect on cell cultures. Amoebae and other protists host a variety of intracellular organisms and may act as a reservoir and}or vector for human infection (3), as is the case in Legionella infections. Such amoeba}bacterium systems are very interesting as infectious sources and symbioses in general, and the recent discovery of the ` pararickettsiae ' endosymbionts of acanthamoebae isolated from human ocular samples (8) illustrates the extreme variety existing in nature. The search for these systems in clinical samples might help in estimating their prevalence and diversity.mic.sgmjournals.org/cgi/reprint/147/3/516.pdfI wonder if these folks might be able to look at our specimens? skytroll
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Post by skytroll on Mar 21, 2010 10:06:21 GMT -5
pararickettsiae ' endosymbionts of acanthamoebae Abstract Chlamydiae are important intracellular bacterial pathogens of vertebrates. In the last years, novel members of this group have been discovered: Parachlamydia acanthamoebae and Simkania negevensis seems to be emerging respiratory human pathogens, while Waddlia chondrophila might be a new agent of bovine abortion. Various species have been showed to infect also the herpetofauna and fishes, and some novel chlamydiae are endosymbionts of arthropods. In addition, molecular studies evidenced a huge diversity of chlamydiae from both environmental and clinical samples, most of such a diversity could be formed by novel lineages of chlamydiae. Experimental studies showed that free-living amoebae may support multiplication of various chlamydiae, then could play an important role as reservoir/vector of chlamydial infections. Here we reviewed literature data concerning chlamydial infections, with a particular emphasis on the novely described chlamydial organisms. Keywords: Chlamydial Infection; Chlamydiales; Chlamydia; Chlamydophila; Parachlamydia; Simkania; Waddlia; Fritschea; Rhabdochlamydia; Epitheliocystis; Amoeba; Arthropod Endosymbiont www.informaworld.com/smpp/1728380859-15157003/content~content=a713903306&db=allskyship
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Post by kammy on Mar 21, 2010 10:44:40 GMT -5
Yes, Sky... I've got a couple of pages of looking at Chlamydia and it's other family members, it's like a "Smith" family re-union, lot of relatives in attendance - over in the Baculo Thread and I've commented many times on the diversity of the spheres we're seeing. How they appear to look mostly the same (to the untrained eye), but - when you watch them go through their stages of development, they can preform 5 or more duties and reproduce in as many different ways. Some appear bacterial, others - fungal, giant sphere amoeba... all are Giant cells though and the baculovirus can be seen at 100x also, which is also out of scale and should not be seen at 100x, they are giant baculoviral capsids, which I'm naming 'GBC's'... lol
We probably need a photo thread dedicated to just the sphere artifacts showing how they mature, reproduce, similarities and differences, etc.?
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Post by kammy on Mar 21, 2010 11:08:49 GMT -5
www.nih.gov/catalyst/2005/05.11.01/page1a.html"Nidia Oliveira, a visiting research fellow at the NIMH Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Regulation, traced the meanderings and permutations of a retrovirus that jumped from feral mice in southern Asia to Old World primates to a New World pet primate in San Francisco — and more recently has been identified in koalas in Australia, where it has gained its greatest lethality. About 60 percent of koala bear mortality is attributable to neoplasia. Infected koala bears have a neoplastic disease rate that correlates with viral load. The KoRV retrovirus, Oliveira said, has been isolated in 100 percent of Queensland koalas — "it's in their genomes," she said, noting that the rate is about 30 percent elsewhere in southeastern mainland Australia. Asian rodents are the reservoir for the GALV-like virus that emerged to infect gibbon apes in Thailand and became WMV in woolly monkeys and KoRV in marsupials.Sequence comparisons establish the lineage, Oliveira said, noting that GALV, WMV, and KoRV use the same receptor — PIT1 — in gaining entry, but that KoRV also uses orthologs that GALV and WMV are unable to use. The KoRV envelope, she said, has an extremely broad host range, and the challenge now is to discern what part of the envelope accounts for that range and for the virus' species-jumping ability." Not to complicate matters... ;D but isn't this the most complicated subject anyone could ever want to study?... and you mention the pararickettsiae/rickettssiae aspect, Sky - look, they say the KoRV started with: " Asian rodents are the reservoir for the GALV-like virus that emerged to infect gibbon apes in Thailand and became WMV in woolly monkeys and KoRV in marsupials." I've always thought there's a rodent vector to Morgellons, I just don't know how it ties in, yet. I say this because the winter that I became evident - I had mice in my home from an 'add-on' doorway wood that wasn't sealed to the basement. It now turns out that my basement has a fungus/mold growing in it - the mice carried the fungus in... their fleas and feces are infected, one of their fleas bit me? or I breathed the feces or urine somehow?... I found a couple of fleas in my environment during my initial outbreak which I showed a photo of recently on the Baculo Thread, and I was even diagnosed as having 'fleas' by the ER doctor... I wasn't even complaining of itching like an insect bite would make us - even though there was no pets, animals, etc. in my home for a year or more, it was June and I wasn't spending a lot of time outside to bring them in, I didn't have fleas noticeably jumping on me... the only animals with possible fleas that had been in my house were the mice over winter. When you ask fellow Morgies if they had any contact with mice, they will say... 'Sure, my cat brought one in... etc.', we don't think much of it - we bait for them, kill them, fix their entry points and that's that. They have a stigma that if you have one in your house - you're a filthy person, but mice have been invading caves since the beginning of man taking homes. If we pay attention to the great Black Plague, the fleas of the rats were the culprits... are we in a modern day GM flea plague? This aspect hasn't been looked into either. Are GM fleas the original vector for Morgellons as ticks/others are for Lymes and it's spread to everything else now so it's hard to tell which insect started it? We should to pay attention to the history of past disease... and to these other diseases happening around us for clues. Morgellons didn't happen overnight. How does the rodent infect the koala? Did the rodent leave something in the water for the frog? What was going on in Australia at that time to cause the rodent to start carrying something new? What's in rodent feces - chlamydia? Morgs? Has anyone with Morgellons here been tested for mice-related illnesses? - of course, I asked to be... and I was refused because I am "DOP" in their eyes and my illness is imaginary.
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Post by kammy on Mar 21, 2010 12:08:33 GMT -5
Quote from Skytroll: "A new chlamydia-like 16S rDNA sequence from a clinical sample" HEY SKY... what's going on - why do you think we don't have any BLAST data/RNA/DNA to look at about our specks, spheres, lesion debris, etc? You suppose they haven't discovered these GIANT cells in their microscopes, yet? Wonder if Carnicom needs a donation to help him run a BLAST test? Did I read where early last fall that Wymore was running one and we'd have the data any day now? You think he's holding out trying to solve this mystery by himself, or, the Army has shut him down? Didn't I read in the SSB thread where Wymore was questioned back in 2006 about BLAST results and there was some controversy wayyyy back then? I guess we'll have to go with post 29 as being as close to Morgellons as it's going to get without them saying so? It gives us something to work with, TY, Sky! pararickettsiae ' endosymbionts of acanthamoebae Abstract Chlamydiae are important intracellular bacterial pathogens of vertebrates. In the last years, novel members of this group have been discovered: Parachlamydia acanthamoebae and Simkania negevensis seems to be emerging respiratory human pathogens, while Waddlia chondrophila might be a new agent of bovine abortion. Various species have been showed to infect also the herpetofauna and fishes, and some novel chlamydiae are endosymbionts of arthropods. In addition, molecular studies evidenced a huge diversity of chlamydiae from both environmental and clinical samples, most of such a diversity could be formed by novel lineages of chlamydiae. Experimental studies showed that free-living amoebae may support multiplication of various chlamydiae, then could play an important role as reservoir/vector of chlamydial infections. Here we reviewed literature data concerning chlamydial infections, with a particular emphasis on the novely described chlamydial organisms. Keywords: Chlamydial Infection; Chlamydiales; Chlamydia; Chlamydophila; Parachlamydia; Simkania; Waddlia; Fritschea; Rhabdochlamydia; Epitheliocystis; Amoeba; Arthropod Endosymbiont www.informaworld.com/smpp/1728380859-15157003/content~content=a713903306&db=allskyship
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Post by skytroll on Mar 21, 2010 14:31:16 GMT -5
Here is a connection to Archaea, that is the thermophile found under the ocean floor and in volcanoes. These were never in the human body until after 1978, and were used in heat shock proteins, in novel constructions. But here they are finding where the crossovers are between bacteria, eukaryotes and archaea, as Carnicom has indicated. His work is the only observations that he has linked the iron, oxygen and the chlamydia forms. He is to be commended for that, he does not have equipment like the universities have, but is working with what he can, and even using the wine is telling us that fermentation is involved with this. All of us are doing this piecemeal, but all have a contribution. Some of the best observations I have seen have been on this board. fibers, interactions with metals, water, and movements, crystals, the docs checking for fungus, a pathologist would be beneficial and I have mentioned that to Dr. Wymore. They used to have dermopathologists, but, they are now in pathology, morgues etc. I am sure they have seen things, and hopefully they are studying them. They are not to be open about it, or they can have licenses yanked, has happened over and over, many lyme doctors have lost licenses. So, citizen scientists we all are now. Be proud of that, and someone will hear sooner or later, some already have like the ones in post 29. Also, you can tell the ones who keep pursuing the evolutionary paradigm, by creating novel organisms to fill in the gaps. Directed/forced evolution is happening and they are oblivious to the risks, or know of them, and yet continue to cross the barriers. This is without our consent! Deliberate releases into the environment of these novel (created) organisms and as lil sissy says, the stem cells and the embryos are in us, including the genes of a fly, most likely the drosophila, or the gnat, or even the water fleas, they are suffering as well, have markers in them etc. So any bug carries this chlamydia like filament, the submicron particles, most likely the Spitzenkorper. Images of spitzenkorper: 129.215.156.68/Images/tipbranching.htmHere is a link on the mix: archaea and chlamydiaphilia: =============== A role for archaeal organisms in development of atherosclerotic vulnerable plaques and myxoid matrices. Higuchi ML, Santos MH, Roggério A, Kawakami JT, Bezerra HG, Canzian M. Heart Institute, Hospital das Clínicas, São Paulo University Medical School, São Paulo, SP, Brazil. PURPOSE: Vulnerable plaques are characterized by a myxoid matrix, necrotic lipidic core, reactive oxygen species, and high levels of microorganisms. Aerobic microbes such as Chlamydophila pneumoniae and Mycoplasma pneumoniae usually do not survive in oxidative stress media. Archaea are anaerobic microbes with powerful anti-oxidative enzymes that allow detoxification of free radicals whose presence might favor the survival of aerobic microorganisms. We searched for archaeal organisms in vulnerable plaques, and possible associations with myxoid matrix, chlamydia, and mycoplasma bodies. METHODS: Twenty-nine tissue samples from 13 coronary artherectomies from large excentric ostial or bifurcational lesions were studied using optical and electron microscopy. Infectious agents compatible with archaea, chlamydia, and mycoplasma were semiquantified using electron micrographs and correlated with the amounts of fibromuscular tissue, myxoid matrix, and foam cells, as determined from semi-thin sections. Six of the cases were also submitted to polymerase chain reaction with archaeal primers. RESULTS: All 13 specimens showed archaeal-compatible structures and chlamydial and mycoplasmal bodies in at least 1 sample. There was a positive correlation between extent of the of myxoid matrix and archaeal bodies (r = 0.44, P = 0.02); between archaeal and mycoplasmal bodies (r = 0.41, P = 0.03), and between chlamydial bodies and foam cells (r = 0.42; P = 0.03). The PCR test was positive for archaeal DNA in 4 of the 6 fragments. DISCUSSION: DNA and forms suggestive of archaea are present in vulnerable plaques and may have a fundamental role in the proliferation of mycoplasma and chlamydia. This seems to be the first description of apparently pathogenic archaea in human internal organ lesions. www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17072447Here is a connection with the mycoplasma which is also involved with this organism. There is a process of evo devo going on. It is big. Not just one organism. skytroll
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Post by kammy on Mar 23, 2010 3:17:52 GMT -5
Thanks, Sky. I just read a post of yours in the Crystal Thread about how a Vet/Pathologist did an autopsy on several snakes that died and is seeing the six-sided, hexagonal crystal in the snake's blood... I'd like to bring in that article or if you want to re-post it here?
This has also been noted with alligators recently too, I believe I saw an article?
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Post by kammy on Mar 23, 2010 9:57:08 GMT -5
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Post by jeany on Mar 25, 2010 15:21:29 GMT -5
I believe this is what happened in nature and for us to become infected by animal- and plant pathogens: Cryptic pathogenesis An alternative explanation for virulence in microbes acquired from the environment is cryptic pathogenesis, whereby such microbes have animal hosts that are yet to be discovered. In such a scenario, some fraction of the microbial population is always cycling through an animal host, and consequently, attributes for persisting in animal hosts are maintained through selection. The finding that land and marine mammals in areas where Coccidioides immitis is endemic are sometimes found to be infected with this fungus is consistent with a cryptic-pathogenesis explanation. Although the possibility of cryptic pathogenesis cannot be excluded for any environmentally acquired microbe, since this would involve proving a negative, there is experimental evidence against an absolute need for animal passage in the maintenance of virulence. Avirulent strains of C. neoformans and H. capsulatum can be restored to virulence through passage in the amoeboid hosts Dictyostelium and Acanthamoeba castellanii, respectively ec.asm.org/cgi/content/full/6/12/....ourcetype=HWFIGSo, this means that certain avirulent strains of fungus can become infectious when in 'contact or encased' within Dicty and/or Achanthamoeba? If this can happen with these two types of fungus, then I believe it probably can with other types too. Jeany
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Post by jeany on Mar 25, 2010 15:29:28 GMT -5
Accidental Virulence, Cryptic Pathogenesis, Martians, Lost Hosts, and the Pathogenicity of Environmental Microbes ec.asm.org/cgi/content/full/6/12/2169?maxtoshow=&HITS=10&hits=10&RESULTFORMAT=&fulltext=bacteria&searchid=1&FIRSTINDEX=2670&sortspec=date&resourcetype=HWFIGfrom above site: Population genetics of the frog-killing fungus Batrachochytrium dendrobatidisGlobal amphibian decline by chytridiomycosis is a major environmental disaster that has been attributed to either recent fungal spread or environmental change that promotes disease.
Here, we present a population genetic comparison of Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis isolates from an intensively studied region of frog decline, the Sierra Nevada of California. In support of a novel pathogen, we find low diversity, no amphibian-host specificity, little correlation between fungal genotype and geography, local frog extirpation by a single fungal genotype, and evidence of human-assisted fungus migration. In support of endemism, at a local scale, we find some diverse, recombining populations. Recombination raises the possibility of resistant sporangia and a mechanism for rapid spread as well as persistence that could greatly complicate global control of the pathogen.
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Post by jeany on Mar 25, 2010 16:47:07 GMT -5
I decided to look at this one a bit closer because I believe Kammy has a pic from a human sample showing us similarity. Histoplasma capsulatumThis anamorphic fungus has a known sexual teleomorph that carries the name Ajellomyces capsulatus. Pic here: www.doctorfungus.org/Mycoses/images/histoplasma-duboisii-yeast.jpgHowever, a disseminated and potentially fatal picture is seen among immunosuppressed individuals, children less than 2 years old, elderly persons, and people exposed to very large inoculum. Since the advent of the HIV epidemic, histoplasmosis has reemerged to become one of the most frequent opportunistic diseases in those areas of the world endemic for this soil-based fungus. The infection is acquired through inhalation of Histoplasma capsulatum microconidia. The lungs are thus the most frequently affected site and chronic pulmonary disease may occur. All stages of this disease may mimic tuberculosis. Histoplasmosis may coexist with actinomycosis, other mycoses, sarcoidosis, or tuberculosis.www.doctorfungus.org/Mycoses/human/histo/histoplamosis_c.htmJeany
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Post by jeany on Mar 25, 2010 17:08:02 GMT -5
Histoplasma capsulatum...This anamorphic fungus has a known sexual teleomorph that carries the name Ajellomyces capsulatus.This fungus is infecting the bats: Ajellomyces capsulatusPic here: www.doctorfungus.org/Mycoses/images/ajellomyces_capsulatus.jpgAjellomyces capsulatus causes the infectious disease histoplasmosis. The fungi releases small spores called conidia that can be inhaled and infect the lungs. The symptoms are often mild but can be severe producing illness similar to tuberculosis. The disease may also affect other parts of the body, such as the skin or eyes. The fungus is generally found living on bird or bat droppings. It appears to thrive in nitrogen rich soil. The very closely related fungus, Ajellomyces dermatidis, causes the disease blastomycosis. The symptoms of the disease are very similar to those found in regards to histoplasmosis. The fungus is often found growing in rotting wood and nitrogen rich soil. It is generally found in areas with high humidity and near a water source, but there is little known about its natural history. Generally the only time that we hear of the fungus being mentioned is when we hear of dogs, cats or people becoming infected.
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