Post by skytroll on Jun 16, 2008 23:02:49 GMT -5
Lilsissy and chaos,
note what was introduced Archaea, and these are the extremophiles introduced into other
bacterias as well, and the human genome.
It is the archaea that now produces the red flagellum.....
Nowadays it is clear that, although β-carotene-rich Dunaliella salina are indeed present in the saltern ponds, most of the coloration of the crystallizer brine is caused not by the algae but by red halophilic Archaea instead [9,10].
Red halophilic Archaea, archaea cannot be cultured, as far as I have found out.
table of chlamydomonas:
www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?id=3052
"The organism which colors the salterns red and for which we can conserve the name Dunaliella salina is nothing but the final phase in the development of a very euryhyaline chlorophyll-containing flagellate related to the Volvocinae, which in hypersaline water produces stenohyaline foms that cannot revert to chlorophyll-containing forms, and are colored by a hematochrome.]
have not withstood the test of time. We now know that not all Dunaliella species produce massive amounts of carotene, and those that can, do so only under suitable conditions (exposure to high light intensities, nutrient limitation, etc., see also section 6 below). Lerche [30] thus saw that under suitable conditions all red clones became green, but after several weeks they turned olive to yellow-green and after several months they were red again."
from you link"100 years of dunaliella salina"
Notice the light intensities and color changes.
There are 5 fresh water species:
An in-depth taxonomic treatment of the genus was given in Massyuk's 1973 monograph [32]. She divided the genus into two subgenera, Dunaliella (23 species) and Pascheria (5 species), the latter consisting of freshwater species only. Some of the species recognized by Massyuk may eventually be found to be polymorphic forms of a single taxon [33].
and they are polymorphic forms.
"When polymorphism exists as a result of difference in crystal packing, it is called packing polymorphism. Polymorphism can also result from the existence of different conformers of the same molecule in conformational polymorphism. In pseudopolymorphism the different crystal types are the result of hydration or solvation. An example of an organic polymorph is glycine, which is able to form monoclinic and hexagonal crystals. Silica is known to form many polymorphs, the most important of which are; α-quartz, β-quartz, tridymite, cristobalite, coesite, and stishovite."
this brings up the glycine: important in blood tests? T-protein?
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polymorphism_(materials_science)
.....this is in Utah.........
"Brock [43] observed such palmelloid forms of Dunaliella in benthic algal mats of Great Salt Lake, Utah."
Blue and red forms, ........ these are flagellums.....
"The pigment responsible for the brightly red coloration displayed by D. salina, often designated in the older literature as "hematochrome", was recognized already very early as a carotenoid. As such it was identified by Blanchard [13], and Teodoresco [20], Lerche [30] and Ruinen [44] confirm this identification based on the solubility of the pigment in alcohol and in ether and on the blue color formed in the presence of concentrated sulfuric acid."
sulfuric acid important in the polymorph forms
mentions honeycomb structures:
The red pigment is located in the form of oily droplets between the honeycomb structure of the chloroplast and not, as Hamburger (1905) assumes, in the outer cytoplasmic layer of the protoplast.]
....... Utah, Dead Sea etc........
"Population Dynamics of Dunaliella in Salt Lakes and Salterns
Only few studies have been devoted to the quantitative evaluation of Dunaliella populations in salt lakes and salterns, the dynamics of their appearance and decline, and their contribution to the primary production in their habitats. Stephens and Gillespie (1976) reported measurements of the primary production in the south arm of Great Salt Lake, Utah, performed in 1973 (salinity around 135 g/l). Post [56] reported that in the cold season, round cyst-like cells of D. salina increased in numbers in the Great Salt Lake, especially on the lake's bottom. In the Dead Sea, green Dunaliella cells have been reported since the 1940s [57]. The first quantitative estimates of the Dunaliella population in the lake were made in 1964, and showed very high numbers: up to 4 × 104 cells per ml of surface water (sampling season not specified) [58]. Systematic monitoring of the population density at different seasons and depths in the Dead Sea from 1980 onwards have yielded a clear picture of the factors that determine development of the alga in this unusual environment. High concentrations of magnesium and calcium ions are known to be inhibitory to Dunaliella since Baas-Becking's earlier studies [27]. Dunaliella blooms therefore occur in the Dead Sea only when during unusually wet winters the upper water layers of the lake become sufficiently diluted to enable growth, and when phosphate, the limiting nutrient, is available. Such events have been observed in 1980 and again in 1992 [40,59].
from the "100 years of Dunaliella"
-----------------now note the molecular machine...............
" A chlorophyll a/b binding protein homolog which is induced by iron deficiency is associated with enlarged photosystem I units in the eucaryotic alga Dunaliella salina.
[My paper] Tal Varsano, Sharon G Wolf, Uri Pick
Biological Chemistry, The Weizamann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100.
Adaptation of the halotolerant alga Dunaliella salina to iron deprivation involves extensive changes of chloroplast morphology, photosynthetic activities and induction of a major 45 kDa chloroplast protein termed Tidi. Partial amino acid sequencing of proteolytic peptides suggested that Tidi resembles light harvesting (LHC) chlorophyll a/b binding proteins (Varsano, T., Kaftan, D., and Pick, U. (2003) J. Plant Nut. 26, 2197-2210). Here we show that Tidi shares the highest amino-acid sequence similarity with light-harvesting I chlorophyll a/b binding proteins from higher plants, but has an extended proline-rich N-terminal domain. The accumulation of Tidi is reversed by iron supplementation and its level is inversely correlated with photosystem I (PS-I) reaction center proteins. In native gel-electrophoresis, Tidi co-migrates with enlarged PS-I:LHC-I super-complexes. Single-particle electron microscopy analysis revealed that PS-I units from iron-deficient cells are larger (31 and 37nm in diameter) than PS-I units from control cells (22nm). The 77K chlorophyll fluorescence emission spectra of isolated complexes suggests that the Tidi:LHC-I antenna are functionally coupled to the reaction centers of PS-I. These findings indicate that Tidi acts as an accessory antenna of PS-I. The enlargement of PS-I antenna in algae and in cyanobacteria under iron deprivation suggests a common limitation that requires rebalancing of the energy distribution between the two photosystems.
lib.bioinfo.pl/pmid:16469742
skytroll
note what was introduced Archaea, and these are the extremophiles introduced into other
bacterias as well, and the human genome.
It is the archaea that now produces the red flagellum.....
Nowadays it is clear that, although β-carotene-rich Dunaliella salina are indeed present in the saltern ponds, most of the coloration of the crystallizer brine is caused not by the algae but by red halophilic Archaea instead [9,10].
Red halophilic Archaea, archaea cannot be cultured, as far as I have found out.
table of chlamydomonas:
www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?id=3052
"The organism which colors the salterns red and for which we can conserve the name Dunaliella salina is nothing but the final phase in the development of a very euryhyaline chlorophyll-containing flagellate related to the Volvocinae, which in hypersaline water produces stenohyaline foms that cannot revert to chlorophyll-containing forms, and are colored by a hematochrome.]
have not withstood the test of time. We now know that not all Dunaliella species produce massive amounts of carotene, and those that can, do so only under suitable conditions (exposure to high light intensities, nutrient limitation, etc., see also section 6 below). Lerche [30] thus saw that under suitable conditions all red clones became green, but after several weeks they turned olive to yellow-green and after several months they were red again."
from you link"100 years of dunaliella salina"
Notice the light intensities and color changes.
There are 5 fresh water species:
An in-depth taxonomic treatment of the genus was given in Massyuk's 1973 monograph [32]. She divided the genus into two subgenera, Dunaliella (23 species) and Pascheria (5 species), the latter consisting of freshwater species only. Some of the species recognized by Massyuk may eventually be found to be polymorphic forms of a single taxon [33].
and they are polymorphic forms.
"When polymorphism exists as a result of difference in crystal packing, it is called packing polymorphism. Polymorphism can also result from the existence of different conformers of the same molecule in conformational polymorphism. In pseudopolymorphism the different crystal types are the result of hydration or solvation. An example of an organic polymorph is glycine, which is able to form monoclinic and hexagonal crystals. Silica is known to form many polymorphs, the most important of which are; α-quartz, β-quartz, tridymite, cristobalite, coesite, and stishovite."
this brings up the glycine: important in blood tests? T-protein?
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polymorphism_(materials_science)
.....this is in Utah.........
"Brock [43] observed such palmelloid forms of Dunaliella in benthic algal mats of Great Salt Lake, Utah."
Blue and red forms, ........ these are flagellums.....
"The pigment responsible for the brightly red coloration displayed by D. salina, often designated in the older literature as "hematochrome", was recognized already very early as a carotenoid. As such it was identified by Blanchard [13], and Teodoresco [20], Lerche [30] and Ruinen [44] confirm this identification based on the solubility of the pigment in alcohol and in ether and on the blue color formed in the presence of concentrated sulfuric acid."
sulfuric acid important in the polymorph forms
mentions honeycomb structures:
The red pigment is located in the form of oily droplets between the honeycomb structure of the chloroplast and not, as Hamburger (1905) assumes, in the outer cytoplasmic layer of the protoplast.]
....... Utah, Dead Sea etc........
"Population Dynamics of Dunaliella in Salt Lakes and Salterns
Only few studies have been devoted to the quantitative evaluation of Dunaliella populations in salt lakes and salterns, the dynamics of their appearance and decline, and their contribution to the primary production in their habitats. Stephens and Gillespie (1976) reported measurements of the primary production in the south arm of Great Salt Lake, Utah, performed in 1973 (salinity around 135 g/l). Post [56] reported that in the cold season, round cyst-like cells of D. salina increased in numbers in the Great Salt Lake, especially on the lake's bottom. In the Dead Sea, green Dunaliella cells have been reported since the 1940s [57]. The first quantitative estimates of the Dunaliella population in the lake were made in 1964, and showed very high numbers: up to 4 × 104 cells per ml of surface water (sampling season not specified) [58]. Systematic monitoring of the population density at different seasons and depths in the Dead Sea from 1980 onwards have yielded a clear picture of the factors that determine development of the alga in this unusual environment. High concentrations of magnesium and calcium ions are known to be inhibitory to Dunaliella since Baas-Becking's earlier studies [27]. Dunaliella blooms therefore occur in the Dead Sea only when during unusually wet winters the upper water layers of the lake become sufficiently diluted to enable growth, and when phosphate, the limiting nutrient, is available. Such events have been observed in 1980 and again in 1992 [40,59].
from the "100 years of Dunaliella"
-----------------now note the molecular machine...............
" A chlorophyll a/b binding protein homolog which is induced by iron deficiency is associated with enlarged photosystem I units in the eucaryotic alga Dunaliella salina.
[My paper] Tal Varsano, Sharon G Wolf, Uri Pick
Biological Chemistry, The Weizamann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100.
Adaptation of the halotolerant alga Dunaliella salina to iron deprivation involves extensive changes of chloroplast morphology, photosynthetic activities and induction of a major 45 kDa chloroplast protein termed Tidi. Partial amino acid sequencing of proteolytic peptides suggested that Tidi resembles light harvesting (LHC) chlorophyll a/b binding proteins (Varsano, T., Kaftan, D., and Pick, U. (2003) J. Plant Nut. 26, 2197-2210). Here we show that Tidi shares the highest amino-acid sequence similarity with light-harvesting I chlorophyll a/b binding proteins from higher plants, but has an extended proline-rich N-terminal domain. The accumulation of Tidi is reversed by iron supplementation and its level is inversely correlated with photosystem I (PS-I) reaction center proteins. In native gel-electrophoresis, Tidi co-migrates with enlarged PS-I:LHC-I super-complexes. Single-particle electron microscopy analysis revealed that PS-I units from iron-deficient cells are larger (31 and 37nm in diameter) than PS-I units from control cells (22nm). The 77K chlorophyll fluorescence emission spectra of isolated complexes suggests that the Tidi:LHC-I antenna are functionally coupled to the reaction centers of PS-I. These findings indicate that Tidi acts as an accessory antenna of PS-I. The enlargement of PS-I antenna in algae and in cyanobacteria under iron deprivation suggests a common limitation that requires rebalancing of the energy distribution between the two photosystems.
lib.bioinfo.pl/pmid:16469742
skytroll