Post by Jill on Aug 10, 2008 20:16:11 GMT -5
Meloidogyne enterolobii
Root-knot nematode
Excerpt:
Why: The NPPO of the Netherlands brought to the attention of the EPPO Secretariat the risk that Meloidogyne enterolobii (syn. M. mayaguensis) may present for the EPPO region. This nematode species has been intercepted by the Dutch NPPO on various commodities imported from different parts of the world. M. enterolobii has a wide host range and in particular, it is able to overcome the resistance of many important cultivars of tomato, soybean and sweet potatoes. Finally, its presence has been reported in a few glasshouse crops in France and Switzerland.
Africa: Burkina Faso, Côte d’Ivoire, Malawi, Senegal, South Africa.
Asia: China (Hainan, Guangdong).
North America: USA (Florida, first reported in 2002 on ornamentals and then in a commercial tomato field and a tropical fruit nursery).
Central America and Caribbean: Cuba, Martinique, Puerto Rico, Trinidad and Tobago.
South America: Brazil (Bahia, Ceara, Minais Gerais, Parana, Pernambuco, Piaui, Rio de Janeiro, Rio Grande do Norte, Sao Paulo), Venezuela.
On which plants: M. enterolobii is a polyphagous species. Although its precise host range is still unknown, it has been found on many different host plants including economically important crops such as: Capsicum annuum (pepper), Citrullus lanatus (watermelon), Coffea arabica (coffee), Glycine max (soybean), Ipomoea batatas (sweet potato), Lycopersicon esculentum (tomato), Nicotiana tabacum (tobacco), Phaseolus vulgaris (bean), Psidium guajava (guava), Solanum melongena (aubergine), ornamental plants (e.g. Ajuga, Brugmansia, Clerodendron, Tibouchina) and wild plants (e.g. Bidens pilosa). Experiments carried out in the Netherlands have also shown that Cactus, Ficus, Syngonium, Rosa and Vitis can also be host plants of M. enterolobii.
New Fungus:
Eutypella parasitica
Canker of Acer pseudoplatanus
Why: In July 2005, the NPPO of Slovenia informed the EPPO Secretariat that a new canker disease of maples (Acer spp.) caused by Eutypella parasitica was discovered near Ljubljana. So far, this fungus was only known to occur in North America where it can cause damage. The NPPO of Slovenia suggested that E. parasitica should be added to the EPPO Alert List.
Where:
EPPO region: Austria (reported in 2007, under eradication), Croatia (reported in 2007 near the Slovenian border), Slovenia (found in 2005 near Ljubljana).
North America: Canada (Ontario, Quebec), USA (Connecticut, Illinois, Indiana, Maine, Massachusetts, Michigan, Minnesota, New Hampshire, New York State, Ohio, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, Vermont, Wisconsin).
View a
distribution map
On which plants: Acer spp. In North America, it occurs mainly on A. saccharum (sugar maple) and A. rubrum (red maple). It is occasionally found on A. negundo (box elder), A. pensylvanicum (striped maple), A. platanoides (Norway maple), A. pseudoplatanus (sycamore maple), A. saccharinum (silver maple), A. saccharum subsp. nigrum (black maple). In Slovenia, it was found on A. pseudoplatanus and A. campestre (field maple).
Damage: E. parasitica infects trees only through exposed wood tissue (via dead branches or wounds). Mycelium spreads around the infection site creating a perennial and slow growing canker (on average 1-2 cm per year). Due to the slow progress of the fungus, infection is hardly noticeable during the first years. The typical Eutypella canker has a flat or sunken centre, often retaining the dead bark and surrounded by thick callus. Whitish mycelial fans can be observed under the bark at the canker margin. After 5 to 8 years of infection, the fungus produces spores in tiny, black fruiting bodies (stromata with black perithecia or black perithecia alone) that develop in the centres of cankers. On certain hosts (e.g. A. saccharum) the edge of the canker is deformed and bark extensively swollen. The disease can cause tree mortality by girdling the trunk, especially on small trees. Cankers are not only affecting the aesthetic value of the trees, but with the presence of swollen and callused bark, wood quality is reduced and the affected tree is very susceptible to attacks by wood decay fungi and then to wind breakage.
Pictures can be viewed on Internet:
www.forestpests.org/subject.html?SUB=557
Dissemination: Fruiting bodies release ascospores during rain or irrigation at moderate temperatures and spores are dispersed by wind. Over long distances, trade of plants for planting or wood could spread the disease.
Root-knot nematode
Excerpt:
Why: The NPPO of the Netherlands brought to the attention of the EPPO Secretariat the risk that Meloidogyne enterolobii (syn. M. mayaguensis) may present for the EPPO region. This nematode species has been intercepted by the Dutch NPPO on various commodities imported from different parts of the world. M. enterolobii has a wide host range and in particular, it is able to overcome the resistance of many important cultivars of tomato, soybean and sweet potatoes. Finally, its presence has been reported in a few glasshouse crops in France and Switzerland.
Africa: Burkina Faso, Côte d’Ivoire, Malawi, Senegal, South Africa.
Asia: China (Hainan, Guangdong).
North America: USA (Florida, first reported in 2002 on ornamentals and then in a commercial tomato field and a tropical fruit nursery).
Central America and Caribbean: Cuba, Martinique, Puerto Rico, Trinidad and Tobago.
South America: Brazil (Bahia, Ceara, Minais Gerais, Parana, Pernambuco, Piaui, Rio de Janeiro, Rio Grande do Norte, Sao Paulo), Venezuela.
On which plants: M. enterolobii is a polyphagous species. Although its precise host range is still unknown, it has been found on many different host plants including economically important crops such as: Capsicum annuum (pepper), Citrullus lanatus (watermelon), Coffea arabica (coffee), Glycine max (soybean), Ipomoea batatas (sweet potato), Lycopersicon esculentum (tomato), Nicotiana tabacum (tobacco), Phaseolus vulgaris (bean), Psidium guajava (guava), Solanum melongena (aubergine), ornamental plants (e.g. Ajuga, Brugmansia, Clerodendron, Tibouchina) and wild plants (e.g. Bidens pilosa). Experiments carried out in the Netherlands have also shown that Cactus, Ficus, Syngonium, Rosa and Vitis can also be host plants of M. enterolobii.
New Fungus:
Eutypella parasitica
Canker of Acer pseudoplatanus
Why: In July 2005, the NPPO of Slovenia informed the EPPO Secretariat that a new canker disease of maples (Acer spp.) caused by Eutypella parasitica was discovered near Ljubljana. So far, this fungus was only known to occur in North America where it can cause damage. The NPPO of Slovenia suggested that E. parasitica should be added to the EPPO Alert List.
Where:
EPPO region: Austria (reported in 2007, under eradication), Croatia (reported in 2007 near the Slovenian border), Slovenia (found in 2005 near Ljubljana).
North America: Canada (Ontario, Quebec), USA (Connecticut, Illinois, Indiana, Maine, Massachusetts, Michigan, Minnesota, New Hampshire, New York State, Ohio, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, Vermont, Wisconsin).
View a
distribution map
On which plants: Acer spp. In North America, it occurs mainly on A. saccharum (sugar maple) and A. rubrum (red maple). It is occasionally found on A. negundo (box elder), A. pensylvanicum (striped maple), A. platanoides (Norway maple), A. pseudoplatanus (sycamore maple), A. saccharinum (silver maple), A. saccharum subsp. nigrum (black maple). In Slovenia, it was found on A. pseudoplatanus and A. campestre (field maple).
Damage: E. parasitica infects trees only through exposed wood tissue (via dead branches or wounds). Mycelium spreads around the infection site creating a perennial and slow growing canker (on average 1-2 cm per year). Due to the slow progress of the fungus, infection is hardly noticeable during the first years. The typical Eutypella canker has a flat or sunken centre, often retaining the dead bark and surrounded by thick callus. Whitish mycelial fans can be observed under the bark at the canker margin. After 5 to 8 years of infection, the fungus produces spores in tiny, black fruiting bodies (stromata with black perithecia or black perithecia alone) that develop in the centres of cankers. On certain hosts (e.g. A. saccharum) the edge of the canker is deformed and bark extensively swollen. The disease can cause tree mortality by girdling the trunk, especially on small trees. Cankers are not only affecting the aesthetic value of the trees, but with the presence of swollen and callused bark, wood quality is reduced and the affected tree is very susceptible to attacks by wood decay fungi and then to wind breakage.
Pictures can be viewed on Internet:
www.forestpests.org/subject.html?SUB=557
Dissemination: Fruiting bodies release ascospores during rain or irrigation at moderate temperatures and spores are dispersed by wind. Over long distances, trade of plants for planting or wood could spread the disease.