Post by skytroll on Aug 16, 2008 23:55:13 GMT -5
Endospores?
ENDOSPORA, a natural group or class of the Sporozoa, consisting of the orders Myxosporidia, Actinomyxidia, Sarcosporidia and Haplosporidia, together with various insufficiently-known forms (Seroand Exosporidia), regarded at present as Sporozoa incertae sedis. The distinguishing feature of the group is that the spore-mother-cells (pansporoblasts) arise in the interior of the body of the parent-individual; in other words, sporulation is endogenous. Another very general character - though not so universal - is that the adult trophozoite possesses more than one nucleus, usually many (i.e. it is multinucleate). In the majority of forms, though apparently not in all (e.g. certain Microsporidia), sporulation goes on coincidently with growth and trophic life. With regard to the origin of the group, the probability is greatly in favour of a Rhizopod ancestry. The entire absence, at any known period, of a flagellate or even gregariniform phase; on the other hand, the amoeboid nature of the trophozoites in very many cases together with the formation of pseudopodia; and, lastly, the simple endogenous spore-formation characteristic of the primitive forms, - are all points which support this view, and exclude any hypothesis of a Flagellate origin, such as, on the contrary, is probably the case in the Ectospora."
Order Myxosporidia. The Myxosporidia, or, more correctly, the dense masses formed by their spores, were well known to the earlier zoological observers. The parasites in fishes were called by Muller " fish-psorosperms, " a name which has stuck to them ever since, although, as is evident from the meaning of the term (" mange-seed "), Muller had little idea of the true nature of the bodies. Other examples, infesting silkworms, have also long been known as " Pebrine-corpuscles," from the ravaging disease which they produce in those caterpillars in France, in connexion with which Pasteur did such valuable work. The foundation of our present morphological and biological knowledge of the order was well laid by the admirable researches of Thelohan in 1895. In spite, however, of the contributions of numerous workers since then (e.g. Doflein, Cohn, Stempell and others), there are still one or two very important points, such as the occurrence of sexual conjugation, upon which light is required."........
Pebrine-corpuscles? and we should not forget Muller's Ratchet!
Note the spore photos here:
www.1911encyclopedia.org/Endospora
Both Bechamp and Pasteur in the late 1800's were examining
pebrines.....
What are they?
"In 1865 Pasteur was asked to investigate a new disease devastating the silkworms of Southern France. Before taking up the work of investigating the disease, Pasteur knew nothing of silkworms. In fact in his own words, ‘he had never even seen a silkworm.’ A considerable confusion was caused by the presence of two quite independent infectionsss. Pebrine, in which black spots and corpuscles were generally, but not always, present on the worm. The worms affected by this disease often died within the cocoons. In the second type of the disease, flacherine, the worms exhibited no corpuscles or spots but failed to spin cocoons. During investigating the silk-worm disease Pasteur suffered a stroke which partially paralysed his left side. However, Pasteur managed to complete his experiments, analysis and conclusions of the problems plaguing the development of heralthy silkworms. He provided a comprehensive analysis of the disease and its promotion. Pasteur suspected that pebrine corpuscles were responsible for the failure of the worms. By examining the silkworms under the microscope Pasteur was able to identify those free of pebrine and he used only their eggs for breeding. He also excluded from breeding eggs from worms with flacherine, whom he identified by their sluggish behaviour in climbing leaves when about to construct cocoon. Silk-worm farmers were instructed and Pasteur’s methods of selection and how to use the microscope to detect sickness in the worms. In this way the silk industry in France returned to health.
On Pasteur’s work on silk worms Eile Roux wrote: “There are many lessons pertaining to human medicine in this study on disease affecting silkworms!….Without knowing anything about all these doctrines, a chemist, who knew how to use a microscope for experiments, showed that everything boils down to a parasite transmitted by the sick to healthy subjects and by parents to their descendants. The mystery of the contagion is explained in this way…”
In 1880, Pasteur found the cause for boils and Osteomyelitis, a microbe in the form of a “mass of grains” (staphylococcus). He also discovered a microbe in perpetual infection in the form of a “rosary” (streptococcus).
Anthrax, a fatal disease of sheep and cattle, was destroying the sheep industry and economy of France. Robert Koch isolated the anthrax bacillus, which was earlier identified by the French physician Davain, from infected spleens. Koch also showed that under resting conditions the bacillus formed long-lived spores. However, it was not known whether the cultured bacillus, itself, and not something carried along in Kochk’s culture medium caused anthrax in the animals, in which the culture was injected. It was Pasteur, who conclusively proved that it was the anthrax bacillus which was responsible for the disease.
The most celebrated of Pateur’s researches was the development of a vaccine against rabies, also called hydrophobia. Rabies has been known since times immemorial. Democritus is supposed to have been the first to describe rabies, five centuries before Christ. Pliny the Elder in the book VII of his voluminous ‘Natural History’ wrote of “the worm on a dog’s tongue which was thought to be the cause for rabies”. Even during Pasteur’s time rabies was a serious problem in France. The most obvious cause was of course the rabid dog. Many superstitions were associated with the treatment of rabies. The disease had been looked upon with horror. The treatments applied to victims were horrible, for example, cauterizing the bite wounds with a red-hot iron.".........
www.vigyanprasar.gov.in/scientists/PLouis.htm
Bechamp:
www.newtreatments.org/loadlocal.php?hid=811
skytroll
ENDOSPORA, a natural group or class of the Sporozoa, consisting of the orders Myxosporidia, Actinomyxidia, Sarcosporidia and Haplosporidia, together with various insufficiently-known forms (Seroand Exosporidia), regarded at present as Sporozoa incertae sedis. The distinguishing feature of the group is that the spore-mother-cells (pansporoblasts) arise in the interior of the body of the parent-individual; in other words, sporulation is endogenous. Another very general character - though not so universal - is that the adult trophozoite possesses more than one nucleus, usually many (i.e. it is multinucleate). In the majority of forms, though apparently not in all (e.g. certain Microsporidia), sporulation goes on coincidently with growth and trophic life. With regard to the origin of the group, the probability is greatly in favour of a Rhizopod ancestry. The entire absence, at any known period, of a flagellate or even gregariniform phase; on the other hand, the amoeboid nature of the trophozoites in very many cases together with the formation of pseudopodia; and, lastly, the simple endogenous spore-formation characteristic of the primitive forms, - are all points which support this view, and exclude any hypothesis of a Flagellate origin, such as, on the contrary, is probably the case in the Ectospora."
Order Myxosporidia. The Myxosporidia, or, more correctly, the dense masses formed by their spores, were well known to the earlier zoological observers. The parasites in fishes were called by Muller " fish-psorosperms, " a name which has stuck to them ever since, although, as is evident from the meaning of the term (" mange-seed "), Muller had little idea of the true nature of the bodies. Other examples, infesting silkworms, have also long been known as " Pebrine-corpuscles," from the ravaging disease which they produce in those caterpillars in France, in connexion with which Pasteur did such valuable work. The foundation of our present morphological and biological knowledge of the order was well laid by the admirable researches of Thelohan in 1895. In spite, however, of the contributions of numerous workers since then (e.g. Doflein, Cohn, Stempell and others), there are still one or two very important points, such as the occurrence of sexual conjugation, upon which light is required."........
Pebrine-corpuscles? and we should not forget Muller's Ratchet!
Note the spore photos here:
www.1911encyclopedia.org/Endospora
Both Bechamp and Pasteur in the late 1800's were examining
pebrines.....
What are they?
"In 1865 Pasteur was asked to investigate a new disease devastating the silkworms of Southern France. Before taking up the work of investigating the disease, Pasteur knew nothing of silkworms. In fact in his own words, ‘he had never even seen a silkworm.’ A considerable confusion was caused by the presence of two quite independent infectionsss. Pebrine, in which black spots and corpuscles were generally, but not always, present on the worm. The worms affected by this disease often died within the cocoons. In the second type of the disease, flacherine, the worms exhibited no corpuscles or spots but failed to spin cocoons. During investigating the silk-worm disease Pasteur suffered a stroke which partially paralysed his left side. However, Pasteur managed to complete his experiments, analysis and conclusions of the problems plaguing the development of heralthy silkworms. He provided a comprehensive analysis of the disease and its promotion. Pasteur suspected that pebrine corpuscles were responsible for the failure of the worms. By examining the silkworms under the microscope Pasteur was able to identify those free of pebrine and he used only their eggs for breeding. He also excluded from breeding eggs from worms with flacherine, whom he identified by their sluggish behaviour in climbing leaves when about to construct cocoon. Silk-worm farmers were instructed and Pasteur’s methods of selection and how to use the microscope to detect sickness in the worms. In this way the silk industry in France returned to health.
On Pasteur’s work on silk worms Eile Roux wrote: “There are many lessons pertaining to human medicine in this study on disease affecting silkworms!….Without knowing anything about all these doctrines, a chemist, who knew how to use a microscope for experiments, showed that everything boils down to a parasite transmitted by the sick to healthy subjects and by parents to their descendants. The mystery of the contagion is explained in this way…”
In 1880, Pasteur found the cause for boils and Osteomyelitis, a microbe in the form of a “mass of grains” (staphylococcus). He also discovered a microbe in perpetual infection in the form of a “rosary” (streptococcus).
Anthrax, a fatal disease of sheep and cattle, was destroying the sheep industry and economy of France. Robert Koch isolated the anthrax bacillus, which was earlier identified by the French physician Davain, from infected spleens. Koch also showed that under resting conditions the bacillus formed long-lived spores. However, it was not known whether the cultured bacillus, itself, and not something carried along in Kochk’s culture medium caused anthrax in the animals, in which the culture was injected. It was Pasteur, who conclusively proved that it was the anthrax bacillus which was responsible for the disease.
The most celebrated of Pateur’s researches was the development of a vaccine against rabies, also called hydrophobia. Rabies has been known since times immemorial. Democritus is supposed to have been the first to describe rabies, five centuries before Christ. Pliny the Elder in the book VII of his voluminous ‘Natural History’ wrote of “the worm on a dog’s tongue which was thought to be the cause for rabies”. Even during Pasteur’s time rabies was a serious problem in France. The most obvious cause was of course the rabid dog. Many superstitions were associated with the treatment of rabies. The disease had been looked upon with horror. The treatments applied to victims were horrible, for example, cauterizing the bite wounds with a red-hot iron.".........
www.vigyanprasar.gov.in/scientists/PLouis.htm
Bechamp:
www.newtreatments.org/loadlocal.php?hid=811
skytroll