This is from babelfish. It'll be tough to read:
Horizontal gene transfer makes genetic engineering to ZeitbombeEin report of Dr. Peter Hamel agrarian scientist and farmer from Storndorf/HessenIm March 2008 reached me for mail with the reference on horizontal gene transfer. I thought again mail like one hundred others with a current reference. I read on and warzu tiefst shaken over these pieces of news, which probably revolutionizes the entire risk evaluation of the Agro genetic engineering and into completely different and above all critical light-posed. I try to simplify-show quite complex and complicated contents in the following.
Horizontal gene transfer out finds through genetically manipulated organisms to a press release of Dr. Mae Wan Ho and Professor Joe Cummins from „the institute eof Science in Society “ISIS of 10.3.2008 the original:
www.i-sis.org.uk/horizontalGeneTransfer.phpSeit some years is well-known us that the number of resistant weeds increases with the cultivation of genetically more changed („Roundup ready soy) clearly. In north and South America are in each case up to 14 this, against which „Roundup of “resistant weeds developed for total herbicide. The surfaces, on which these weeds grow, can be managed only along also increased plant protection agent expenditure. The selling prices for such surfaces are in the USA already around approximately 20% please. Since us in Europe sufficient resistances in the plant protection range and straight are also here also with fungicides, we thought that a normal pesticide resistance is present also here. After newest realizations from us the available study the occurrence of these is however many dramatic „superweeds “.
Newest realizations confirm that parts of the genes originally transferred by genetic engineering (so-called Transgene) jump over on bacteria and even on plants and animals, like coworkers of the ISIS forecast. The probability is large that those-resistant weeds in the GVO cultivation develop this way, as the following facts show. Genetic engineering, horizontal gene transfer and emerging of infections. The genetic engineering produces a large quantity of transgener DNS, which can spread. Nichtnur by Auskreuzen during the reproduction of same or related kinds (vertical gene transfer), but also by the direct admission of the transgenen DNS over those-kind-border away, a procedure, which is called horizontal gene transfer. Already since-end the 90's of the ISIS the adjustment authorities with different causes were warned: „Horizontal gene transfer - the hidden dangers of the genetic engineering “and „genetic engineering - dream or nightmare “. But the competent authorities and their-scientific advisor denied always vehemently the fact that horizontal it gene transfer-takes place and assumed falsely transgene DNS itself, as each DNS, outside of which cell decomposes fast.
In an article (1998), the ISIS presented extensive proofs, according to which DNS continues to exist in various environments and can of the cells of many living person organisms be actually taken up. The ISIS demanded an official investigation over the fact whether the hardly adjusted release of transgener organisms and transgenerNukleinsäuren into the environment, since the beginning of the genetic manipulation center that ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- PAGE 2 270er years, for which emerging increased more again, by viruses and bacteria causing diseases and the increasing resistance against antibiotics and drugs is responsible. Horizontal gene transfer and recombination are the arteries for the emergence of new pathogens and the spreading resistances against antibiotics. The genetic engineering nothing else is because actual as the simplification broadly put on of-horizontal gene transfer and recombination. The theory that e.g. natural soy beans and genetically changed soy beans are „substantial equivalent “, is disproved by the study. Thus are to be explained the past procedures of admission for futile, because the subordinate substantial equivalence istdefinitiv not given.
Transgene DNS differs of natural DNS and spread easy so far goes out adjustment authorities of the fact that the security of nucleic acids is to a large extent appreciative. RNS and DNS are part of the food, which we consume. One assumes transgene DNS (or RNS) does not differ from natural nucleic acids and therefore also shows no higher readiness to spread by horizontal gene transfer. But transgene DNS differs certainly of natural DNS. It contains not only-new combinations of genes, but also new, synthetic genes, which did not exist during that millions of years of the evolution so far. These again-coding sequences let the Genexpression rise to an unnaturally high level. Beyond that the references have themselves consolidated and thus entitled cause for those assumption given that transgene DNS spreads more easily horizontal and recombine as natural DNS.
Transgene DNS spread more easily horizontal aus1. Transgene DNS is designed to penetrate in stranger of genomes often over a more viralesoder bacterial Plasmid, which integrates itself into the genome. 2. Transgene DNS is inclined to structural instability. It breaks easily and builds themselves up again. While changes develop for the transmission such as extinctions, duplications or other regroupings, which spread in the Wirtsgenom. These effects are jointly responsible for the instability of the transgenen variants. 3. A lock mechanism, which prevents that transgene Konstrukte prevented also jumps out in a Genomspringen, that her again and integrates themselves in other place oderin another genome. This mechanism is waived with transgenen plants. 4. The Agro bacterium is the most frequently used vector for production transgenerPflanzen. The edges of the T-DNS of this Agro bacterium are recombination Hotspots (DNS sections, which particularly easily in ruins and link themselves again). Recombination Hotspots are brought also with the CaMV promoter of the cauliflower mosaic virus (Cauliflower Mosaic virus CaMV) and many Transkriptionsterminatoren in connection. That means that parts or the entire integrated DNS have one-increased inclination to the secondary (and further) horizontal gene transfer and to recombination.
5. The Agro bacterium vector remains in the transgenen plant and can be like that vehicle for „the gene escape “into many bacteria exactly the same as into human cells. 6. Transgene constructions are inclined to the integration in recombination Hotspots in the genome, which increases again the danger that they separate and spread horizontal. 7. Transgene DNS keeps often further genetic signals (like e.g. the Replikationsursprung), which originate from the Plasmid vector. Also those are recombination Hotspots, to those-in addition the transgene DNS put into the position to make a replication itself independently. 8. The stress for the metabolism of the landlord organism, caused by the continual hyperactivation of the genes by aggressive promoters like the CaMV 35S-Promotor, increases likewise the instability of the transgenen DNS and facilitates in this way the horizontal gene transfer. 9. For transgene DNS it is typical that it is a mosaic from copies of the DNS sequences of much-different species and its genetic parasites. One calls these copies Homologien or agreements. The Homologien of the transgenen DNS are inclined increased to connect itself with the genome of many different species and their genetic parasites. Homologous recombination takes place one thousand to a million mark-time as not homologous recombination, and short homologous gene sequences can function as anchors, in order not to bind homologous sequences.
The CaMV 35S-Promotor is in all species including the human cells aktivIn 1999/2000 warned the ISIS the adjustment organs before the CaMV 35S-Promotor, which is present in practically each commercially manufactured transgenen useful plant. A promoter supplies the necessary signal for the Genexpression. The CaMV 35S-Promotorwird in many Transgenen uses. It has a recombination (fragmenting) - Hotspot, which increases the horizontal transfer of the transgenen DNS. That is intended with the Agro genetic engineering. At the same time it makes however the transgene DNS and the transgenen lines unstable. In addition comes that contrary to the common acceptance, which is CaMV 35S-Promotorsei only in plants and plant-similar organisms actively, it actually in species transversethrough the alive world active thus also in animal and in human cells. Therefore it has the potential to activate sleeping viruses and release cancer, if certain cancer-causing erneben „Proto Onkogenen “lands. In the meantime to be can-shown that the CaMV 35S-Promotor is active even in human enterozyten similar cells. An obvious transgene instability goes into action, derCaMV 35S-Promotor represents a main location of fracture also here. Agrobacterium vector as vehicles for „gene escape “in addition supplied the ISIS of references, which make clear that furthest the spreading method at the same time functions for the production of transgener plants as course for the horizontal gene transfer. Agrobacterium tumefaciens, the ground bacterium which Wurzelhalsgallen causes, became the main vector for the gene transmission with the production of transgener plants. The-strange genes are eingespleißt thereby into the T-DNS, the part of a Plasmids desAgrobacterium tumefaciens are and Ti (tumor-inducing) are called. It is finally integrated into the genome of the plant cell, from which tumor-develops later.
. But further investigations have resulted in that the process, with which the Agrobacteriumdie T-DNS induces into the plant cell resembles strongly the conjugation, the direct exchange of genetic material between two connected bacteria cells. The conjugation needs a sequence, which is called Replikationsursprung (oriT) and on the transferred DNS is. All other functions can be made available out-not-connected sources. Thus can also „defused “Plasmide, which do not have transaction functions, although of „aide “- Plasmiden to be transferred, which carry the genetic code for a transaction function in itself. And that-forms the basis for a complicated vector system, which was invented, in order to produce for assistance of the T-DNS of the Agrobacteriums various genetically changed plants. It seems that both the realm of the gene transmission by the Agrobacterium and the konjugative system of the bacteria are involved in the transport of macromolecules, not only from DNS, but also from proteins.
That means that transgene plants, which were created by the T-DNS-Vektorsystem possess a finished course for the horizontal „gene escape “, via Agrobacterium and more differently different pathogenerBakterien by normal conjugation mechanisms, which are present in the environment, supports. Actually the possibility that the Agrobacterium serves as vehicle for the horizontal „gene escape “, was brought 1997 in a study, which was supported by the British government, for the first time to the language. Here it was described also as extremely difficult to remove the Agrobacterium after the transformation for the vector system. Also by the treatment with an arsenal of antibiotics and by the repetition cultivation of the transgenen plants over 13 months the bacterium could from the plants will not remove. In addition 12.5% the remaining Agrobacterien contained still the binary vector (T-DNS and aide Plasmide) therefore and were complete able to transform other plants.
Transmission to subsequent fruit and human ZellenDas Agrobacterium does not only transfer genes into the plant cells. Ees exists also those possibility of the endaround carry of DNS from the plant cell into the Agrobacterium. High rates of the gene transfer take place in the root systems of the plants and the germinating seed, where the conjugation is most probable. Here the Agrobacteriumtransgene DNS can multiply and to other bacteria transfer, exactly the same as on those-next generation of cultivated arable crops. That means, which after the cultivation of e.g. Bt-corn fragments will e.g. transfer by horizontal gene transfer into the subsequent fruit to wheat. The result is a Bt-wheat. All these possibilities must be examined empirically. Finally the Agrobacterium attaches itself to different human target lines and can change it genetically. In permanently changed HeLa cells (a human cell line, which originally comes from an cancer patient) the integration of the T-DNS passes amrechten edge, exactly, where it will transfer also into a Pflanzenzellengenom. That put near that the Agrobacterium mechanism-changes human cells by a something similar as plant cells. An on-line article of Whitley Strieber from 12 October 2007 with the heading” skin illness stands possibly with towards-changed food in connection “comes ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- PAGE 5 5dem conclusion, the fibers, which were taken with a Morgellon patient, contained the same substances, which are used” commercially to the production of genetically altered plants “. Strieber writes: ” Many - also the physicians - dismissed the Morgellon illness either as swindles or as Hypochondrie. But there is reference now that this is illness possibly material and stands with genetically altered food in connection. “
Strieber further: ” From the skin of Morgellon patients strange fibers pour, dieman as cellulose identified (those the human body not to produce can), and humans have the feeling, as if crawl somewhat under their skin. The first case of Morgellon was described 2001. In the expenditure of the British magazine new Scientist of 15. /21. September 2007 describes Daniel Elkan a patient, whom it calls” Steve Jackson “, and” for years tiny blue, red and black fibers in terribly itching skin lesions found “. He quotes” Jackson “with the words: ” The fibers are like flexible plastics and can several millimeters be long. Under the skin they are folded zigzag. They ability as finely as spin Web threads its, and are strong them nevertheless enough to find the skin if one pulls on them, as if one would pull on a hair. “Physicians say, such an illness can be due only to a parasite, but parasite medicines do not help in these cases. Psychologists insist on it, it act umeine new kind of the disturbance well-known as” parasite illusion “. In other words: it is one” correct “illness, but without physical causes. But there are physical references now on it that the Morgellon illness is not only a psychological phenomenon, adds Strieber. ” The Pharmakologe Randy Wymore had that-offered, to examine some these fibers if they were dispatched to it, discovered the fact that the fibers of different humans saw themselves astonishing similar among themselves and resembled no well-known environmental fiber nevertheless. “When investigations by forensische police teams it turned out that the fibers came not of clothes, carpets or bedlinen; beyond that there were no reference points, which material it concerned with these fibers. When the WissenschaftlerAhmed Kilani two fiber samples analyzed and it could extract their DNA it found out that they belong to a mushroom. To a still alarming result came Vitaly Citovsky, which discovered that the fibers contain a substance named” Agrobacterium “, which is used that according to new Scientist” commercially with the production of genetically changed plants “. Führtzu the very plausible theory that the regular consumption could cause more towards-changed this weakening new illness. Is most improbable, dassentweder the American FDA, or Monsanto and other companies these hypothesis oh going become. Dr. Arpad Pusztai, one the GMO researcher leading world-wide, pflegtzu say: ” The GMO lobby does not treat us like human guinea pigs and I to example wants a guinea pig to be. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- PAGE 6 6Das problem of the Agrobacteriums as vehicles for the horizontal gene transfer remains to today unresolved. Proofs for horizontal gene transfer denied on bacteria and play down already 1999 gave it to reference that horizontal gene transfer from transgener DNS takes place, not only in the laboratories, but also in the open land. Unfortunately those were researcher at that time careful as scientists too and finally denied the first obvious signs that transgene DNS can be passed horizontal from plants up ground bacteria. Although the nevertheless straight adherence to would have had to arrange Vorsorgeprinzipsdie researcher to stress that this possibility can be not-excluded. Frequent occurrence of horizontal transfer of transgener plant DNS was proven ground bacteria such as Pseudomonas stuzeri and to Acinetobacter frame, if dietransgene plant DNS contains sequences, some same or similar DNS Abfolgehaben as those of the bacteria. Again the authors stress that the transfer depends „strongly on homologous sequences. “Uninformed ones obtain a wrong feeling of security, conceal it nevertheless, to Homologien with many different bacteria and viruses seem, which are therefore among themselves to a considerable degree to horizontal Gentransferund recombination able. The researchers directed the attention on signs for the increased horizontal transfer of transgener DNS over an outdoor exposure test with transgenen kinds of alga. The researchers showed that DNS in all environments survives, as well as the transformation by direct admission of DNS as a main course of the horizontal gene transfer between bacteria. The large similarities (Homologien) between the transformed Chloroplasten in transgener Chlamydomonas reinhardtii and the genome of the bacteria let-letting let-leaving further rise of the horizontal gene transfer expect. Researchers of the university actually found Oldenburg out that horizontal gene transfer arises also with non-homologous DNS in relatively high measure, if one-homologous DNS is present „anchor sequence “, which is long no more than 99 pairs of bases. In 2004 a published report lists the researchers 87 forms of naturally transformable bacteria, which represent 2% of all well-known kinds. And transgene DNS cannot only itself over roots and Pflanzenreste, but also over-poll to spread, which on fields fly, on which never a transgene plant cultivate-became. In addition the authors developed a technology for a bio monitoring to determine umtransgene DNS which resulted to the bacteria chromosomes from transformation of a bacteria trunk by a double CROSS more over between the transgenen DNS and. This technology of the bio monitoring is just as exactly as a normal polymerase nuclear chain reaction (PCR), in order to determine smallest quantities from DNS to, which does not show that-horizontal transfer of transgener DNS a rare event is. Researchers of the CardiffUniversity in Great Britain confirmed that horizontal transfer of transgener DNS in a provable quantity occurs. Do transgene fodder and food DNS become into animal and human cell transferring? References continued to themselves consolidate that transgene DNS from food and animal feeds will transfer into animal and human cells can. Different studies ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- PAGE 7 7dokumentieren surviving the DNS from animal feeds in the intestine tract of mice and pigs, in the Pansen of sheep, and in the duodenum and Pansen of cattle, in different quantities by PCR analysis. In only, with voluntary test subjects [partially with artificial intestine exit] accomplished test, with only once with genetically changed soy approx. 3 x 1012Kopien of the Sojagenoms one gave. In the Kolostma bag with six of seven patients with artificial intestine exit could become complete 2 266Bp of the epsps Transgensnachgewiesen, however in very different concentrations, by 1011Kopien (3.7%) up to 105Kopien. That is a clear sign that DNS in digestive tract not is destroyed immediately and confirms earlier research results the same group. Beidrei of the seven patients with artificial intestine exit, were positively tested approx. 1 to 3 per one million bacteria from contents of the Kolostoma bag on the GM-Soya-Transgen, an indication that horizontal gene transfer of transgener DNS had taken place! Interestingly enough no bacteria were found, which had taken up not transgene Soya DNS, which puts close that transgene DNS for the reasons mentioned above will more easily transfer can. It is already well-known that material from the food arrives into the Lymphozyten, as esdie intestine wall penetrates directly. Parts of plant DNS were proven in the periphären Lymphozyten in the blood by cows. The DNS can be transported to the fabric cells and taken up by the blood by them, which already admits to since experiments from the late 90's is. Transgene and virale DNS, which were fed to mice, were in the cells of different fabrics. And if it were fed to pregnant mice, the DNS could penetrate the Placenta and was in foetuses and newborn children. Also DNS from taken up fodder plants was transported in fabric cells. It can recapitulatory be said that the results show that horizontal transfer of transgener DNS takes place, both in the ground and in the digestive tract, even if many scientists are not will or able to recognize this fact odersie play down as them state, it would have one „small probability “and was „extremely rarely “. But current references show that these procedures were underestimated to a large extent so far. References that horizontal transfer of transgener DNS to a large extent underestimated become in team of researchers under the direction of Aurora Rizzi at the university of Milan developed, a strategy, in order to prove a transformation in the ground bacterium Acinetobacter baylyiBD413 in situ by marking with the green-fluorescent protein (GFP). Transformed bacteria, which are can-recognized on the Pflanzengewebe to grow, and assistance of a fluorescence microscope are counted directly. With this could researcher to show that with conventional methods, with which the Transformanten on a antibiotikahaltigen nutritive solution is cultivated the frequency of the Transformationum hundredfold is underestimated. With the GFP technology the researchers could current transformation events in one membrane filters and in putrid-end Tabakblättern and roots locate. Thus those frequency of the measured transformations finally lies by two orders of magnitude (those hundredfold) more highly than with cultivation on nutrient plates. ---------------------------------------