|
Post by itchin4answers on Mar 23, 2011 6:22:27 GMT -5
The Tiny Parasite That’s Decimating Bee PopulationsFOX News – First they were fungi, then protists — and now they are fungi again. Once thought to be primitive, it now seems they have evolved backward, becoming simpler rather than more complex. Microsporidia — single-celled parasites that include bugs implicated in the disappearance of honey bees — are strange. So far, about 1,300 species have been formally described, according to Patrick Keeling, a professor at the University of British Columbia who studies them. They are known to infect fish, birds, insects and even us, and Keeling only expects to see their ranks grow. Read article www.openyoureyesnews.com/2011/03/22/the-tiny-parasite-thats-decimating-bee-populations/
|
|
|
Post by bannanny on Mar 23, 2011 13:06:42 GMT -5
Hmmmmmmm... very interesting itchin! Sucks tho that he only expects to see their ranks grow... I sure hope he's wrong there! Then again, I really liked what he says about them evolving backwards, becoming simpler rather than more complexed! Anyhoo, thanks for the info... gonna start looking at Microsporidia I guess! hugs ~~ bannanny
|
|
|
Post by itchin4answers on Mar 23, 2011 18:20:14 GMT -5
Hmmmmmmm... very interesting itchin! Sucks tho that he only expects to see their ranks grow... I sure hope he's wrong there! Then again, I really liked what he says about them evolving backwards, becoming simpler rather than more complexed! Anyhoo, thanks for the info... gonna start looking at Microsporidia I guess! hugs ~~ bannanny My friend sent me the link. She thinks this fungi could be part of M's too. I like the idea of simpler - everything is far to complicated these days! Luv - itchin
|
|
|
Post by awareseattle on Mar 24, 2011 6:24:07 GMT -5
Yes! to keeping it simple!
|
|
|
Post by bannanny on Mar 24, 2011 11:14:18 GMT -5
DITTO! The simpler I keep my life, the better it is!
I do believe fungi is a part of this mess too itchin... but I don't believe it's the actual "crux" of morgs. Not sure what THAT is, but I tend to go with the gel.
|
|
|
Post by toni on Mar 25, 2011 11:26:00 GMT -5
It sure makes me wonder about the bees in that with all the scientists looking...I can't understand why they can't figure it out. Maybe there's much I don't know (I'm sure that's the case) but, they do seem to be bouncing around a lot with "what's causing the CCD".
|
|
|
Post by kammy on Mar 25, 2011 14:31:53 GMT -5
They are obviously funding one group to say it's this and another to say it's that, just like they do with the other important issues; so that we all remain ignorant. There is global warming happening, no, there isn't, it's global cooling. The world is flat, no - it's round. The earth is the center of our solar system, no - the sun is. It'll come down to the reason we're starving is because because there's no bees, no animals, no other pollinators, a sun burst solar flare, a super moon tide, earthquake, mini ice age, oil rain, too acid ocean, the ozone has another hole in it, Planet X is coming by, aliens have invaded, the chemtrails didn't work, GM got out of control, oops, hydrocarbon overload, blah, blah... there will be a scapegoat at every turn with no one finger that can be pointed in any direction other than simply man falling out of grace with God, as was predicted. I say whatever is wrong with the bees is at least partially wrong with us: Microsporidia en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsporidia
|
|
|
Post by kammy on Mar 25, 2011 22:52:17 GMT -5
|
|
|
Post by kammy on Mar 25, 2011 23:01:47 GMT -5
|
|
|
Post by kammy on Mar 25, 2011 23:26:02 GMT -5
Plasmodium billbrayi
|
|
|
Post by kammy on Mar 25, 2011 23:45:19 GMT -5
Looking for the original article and source: Bee Colony Collapse Associated With Viral, Fungal Infection, Biologist Says www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2010/10/101007183018.htmOct. 10, 2010 "To discover what might be attacking bee colonies, the team ground up dead bees that had succumbed to colony collapse disorder. Using analytical equipment, researchers discovered through spectroscopic analysis evidence of a moth virus called insect iridescent virus (IIV) 6 and a fungal parasite called Nosema. The insect virus is closely related to another virus that wiped out bee populations 20 years ago in India, he said. Also, unlike previous research that found the deaths may be caused by a virus with RNA, the IIV 6 contains DNA. "Our DNA discovery puts this field in a whole new direction," he said.
|
|
|
Post by kammy on Mar 26, 2011 0:25:10 GMT -5
|
|
|
Post by kammy on Mar 26, 2011 0:26:40 GMT -5
Search - insect iridescent virus (IIV) 6 www.chdphd.com/PhD/Chapter1.php"Colony loss was initially attributed solely to mite infestation, but observations made in the 1980s suggested that certain honey bee viruses were responsible for much of the mortality observed in infested colonies (Ball, 1997). Acute paralysis virus (APV) is a common infection of honey bees in the United Kingdom. Before 1933, it was generally thought that 'paralysis disease' of honey bees was caused by hereditary factors and requeening the affected colony was the usual curative procedure (Burnside, 1933). However, Burnside showed that paralysis was caused by a filterable infectious agent. Under normal circumstances, APV is transmitted between individuals during food sharing, nursing and by the ingestion of virus-contaminated pollen, but it would seem unlikely for this route of transmission to lead to a lethal infection as extremely large numbers of particles would have to be ingested, namely 1011. Transmission via the faeco-oral route has also been shown. SPV has recently been found to be a cause of honey bee mortality in colonies in the UK infested with V. jacobsoni. 1.4.2.2 Honey bee viruses and parasites Black queen cell virus (BQCV) was first isolated from dead queen prepupae, and, although it is a common infection, normally only causes mortality of adult bees when in association with the microsporidian N. apis (Bailey et al., 1983). N. apis infects the gut of adult honey bees and the pathology it causes can indirectly lead to an overt BQCV infection. The virus will have been fed to the affected individual during its larval development. This is another example of a honey bee virus which only causes mortality when in association with a parasite. This shows that the V. jacobsoni and virus association is not unique in honey bees. 1.4.2.3 Other APV research For example, Ponten & Ritter (1992) stated that injecting 20 particles of APV reduced the longevity of infected bees, and that these bees ceased brood care earlier, in comparison with control bees. The cause of this reduction in longevity was not confirmed as APV infection, and so this observation may have other explanations. The symptoms described appear more indicative of N. apis and BQCV infection (Fries, 1993). It is possible that the antiserum used to confirm the identity of the APV injected into test pupae cross-reacted with BQCV, which is only known to cause overt infection in bees infected with N. apis. Therefore, it seems likely that the results presented by Ponten & Ritter (1992) were not due to APV infection, but a combination of BQCV and N. apis infections. The inoculum used in experiments may have contained a mixture of viruses. However, BQCV is not infective by injection into adult bees and it is likely to have been naturally present in those bees at the time of the experiments. However, another group of virus-injected pupae, which were incubated with mites, showed wing deformities at the adult stage, suggesting infection with deformed wing virus. No information was given on the source or vector status of the mites used and they could have been carrying any number of viruses that are known to be transmissible by V. jacobsoni, namely APV, DWV, SBV and BQCV (Ball, 1989). 1.6.3.2 Fungi The fungal agent of chalkbrood, As. apis, has been reported to be transmissible by V. jacobsoni (Glinski, 1988; Liu, 1996). This is unlikely because, like the bacterial pathogens of bees, fungal spores must germinate in the gut for infection to establish (Bailey & Ball, 1991), and injection into the host haemolymph will not permit germination."
|
|
|
Post by kammy on Mar 26, 2011 0:27:34 GMT -5
Acute Paralysis Virus www.beeologics.com/iapv.asp"Biology and Molecular Biology of IAPV IAPV kills bees. Over 90% of bees injected with the virus die within three to five days. When IAPV is presented to bees in their food, the death rate is about 80%. It was recently found that the IAPV-resistant bees have a unique feature: Segments of their viral genes had been integrated into the bee chromosomes and, fused with the bee DNA, constitute new bee genotypes. All tested IAPV-resistant bees carried viral segments in their genome. The current line of thought is that the viral RNA recombines with a cellular (bee) RNA to make a hybrid molecule; part bee and part virus. The hybrid RNA is then converted to DNA, mobilized into the bee chromosomes and integrated into the bee genome."
|
|
|
Post by kammy on Mar 26, 2011 0:41:13 GMT -5
|
|
|
Post by kammy on Mar 26, 2011 8:06:35 GMT -5
Microbial Team May Be Culprit in Colony Collapse Disorder www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2010/05/100525154002.htm"They found a slightly higher incidence of a fungal pathogen known as Nosema ceranae in sick colonies, but it was not statistically significant until they began pairing it with other pathogens. "Levels of the fungus were slightly higher in sick colonies, but the presence of that fungus and 2 or 3 RNA viruses from the family Dicistroviridae is a pretty strong predictor of collapse," says Evans. Nosema are transferred between bees via the fecal-oral route. When a bee initially ingests the microbes and they get to the mid-gut, they harpoon themselves into the gut wall and live inside the epithelial cells there. Evans believes that the slightly higher numbers of the fungus somehow compromise the gut wall and allow the viruses to overwhelm the bees." ** I will look at this Nosema fungus again, which may or may not be 'natural' in the environment anymore, it could be that a modified version is now in nature? If it has always been there - it is most likely that this fungus did not start overwhelming the bees until these other combinations of viruses were added to the mix or because the fungus is now away from the way God made it, or man has added it for determinative reasons. From the sounds of this article the "and" is most important as to what's going on. AND "and 2 or 3 RNA viruses from the family Dicistroviridae is a pretty strong predictor of collapse" I believe we linked this Nosema fungus to the bats, also - I'll have to look again?
|
|
|
Post by kammy on Mar 26, 2011 8:10:25 GMT -5
Dicistroviridae en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dicistroviridae"This family is a member of the 'picornavirus-like superfamily' (Comoviridae, Iflavirus, Picornaviridae, Potyviridae and Sequiviridae). Within this superfamily the gene order is the gene order of the non-structural proteins Hel(helicase)-Pro(protease)-RdRp(polymerase). The Dicistroviridae can be distinguished from the members of the taxa by the location of the their genome's organisation: the structural proteins are located at the 3' end rather than the 5' end (as found in Iflavirus, Picornaviridae and Sequiviridae) and by having 2 genomic segments rather than a single one (as in the Comoviridae). Notable species Aphid lethal paralysis virus Black queen cell virus – a Western honey bee virus Bombyx mori infectious flacherie virus (BmIFV) – a silkworm virus Cricket paralysis virus Drosophila C virus Himetobi P virus Plautia stali intestine virus Rhopalosiphum padi virus Triatoma virus Homalodisca coagulata virus 1 (HoCV-1) – a sharpshooter virus Solenopsis invicta virus 1 (SINV-1) – a Red imported fire ant virus Dicistroviridae incertae sedis These have not been assigned to a genus yet. Acheta domesticus virus Acute bee paralysis virus – a Western honey bee virus Israel acute paralysis virus – a Western honey bee virus, possibly in part responsible for the recent honey bee colony deaths, Colony Collapse Disorder Kashmir bee virus – a Western honey bee virus Taura syndrome virus – shrimp virus, particularly in Whiteleg shrimp RNA structural elements Many of the Dicistroviridae genomes contains structured RNA elements. For example, the Cripaviruses have an internal ribosome entry site[1], which mimics a Met-tRNA and is used in the initiation of translation.[2]" Cripavirus en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cripavirus"Cripaviruses are a genus of + sense, single-stranded RNA (ssRNA) viruses. If a ssRNA virus is +sense, it means that the viruses can produce proteins directly from their RNA genome upon entering a cell; and therefore, may not require an RNA polymerase packaged in with it, as this may be produced from the genome after entering the cell.[1] The genome is 8500–9500 nucleotides long, and has a VPg (genome linked viral protein) on the 5' end. The 5' end also has a series of C's near it, while the 3' end has a series of A's near it. These viruses have capsids of 12 capsomers but no envelope, and are round 27–30 nm in diameter with an icosahedral symmetry. The name of the cripavirus family originates from its most famous member the Cricket Paralysis Virus.[1] Which was made famous by its rather unique IRES (Internal Ribosome Entry Site): the Cripavirus IRES. Members include: Aphid lethal paralysis virus, Black queen cell virus, Cricket Paralysis Virus Drosphila C virus, Himetobi P virus, Plauti stali intestine virus, Rhopalosiphum padi virus, Triatoma virus, all of which are viruses of insects." ** "all of which are viruses of insects"... yes, yes, we're quite aware that baculovirus cannot affect humans either - they only target insects.
|
|
|
Post by kammy on Mar 26, 2011 9:13:33 GMT -5
Before I closed this page, I wanted to note it: Genome sequences of the honey bee pathogens Paenibacillus larvae and Ascosphaera apis www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1761131/"The spore-forming bacterium Paenibacillus larvae (Genersch et al., 2006) is the agent behind American foulbrood (AFB), a widespread larval pathogen of the honey bee, Apis mellifera. Young larvae (from the first and second instars) are highly susceptible to this disease, with the ingestion of as few as 10 infectious spores from virulent strains being sufficient to cause mortality (Brodsgaard et al., 1998). Infected bees generally die from the disease late in larval development, forming a dry ‘scale’ with approximately 2 × 109 bacterial spores/bee... A congener of P. larvae, P. alvei, is also found in bees but is considered to be a relatively benign species. The genus Paenibacillus as a whole is comprised mainly of soil-dwelling opportunistic bacteria. Among the Bacillales, Paenibacillus appears to be most closely related to the genus Brevibacillus. Bees mitigate this disease both through hygienic behaviour by adult workers and through larval resistance traits. Dead larval and pupal bees appear chalky due to growth throughout the bee of mycelia. These chalky ‘mummies’ are highly infectious, and spores of this fungus often reinfect colonies via stored food supplies or direct transport to younger larvae by adult bees working within the nest. Adult bees reduce the effects of this fungus on the colony by frequently identifying and removing diseased individuals. For A. apis, chalkbrood mummies were collected from a naturally infected honey bee colony at Weslaco, Texas. A single black mummy was pulverized in 1 ml 0.001% Trition X-100, and 50 µl of this suspension were plated on a YGPS plate..."
|
|